Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) have a high prevalence in men and women and include symptoms during the bladder filling phase (urgency, frequency, urinary incontinence, nocturia), symptoms during the voiding phase (straining, intermittent flow), and post-voiding symptoms (sense of incomplete bladder emptying). The storage and excretion of urine in women and men depend on the coordinated activity of the neural centers, the smooth muscles of the bladder and urethra, and the urethral striated muscle. Various urological and neurological diseases can cause voiding dysfunction which manifests with LUTS, clinical signs (e.g. urinary retention), and syndromes (e.g. overactive bladder syndrome, underactive bladder syndrome). Neurological signals within the multiple micturition centers and neural pathways (e.g. pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, pyramidal tracts) which control the response to changes in pressure within the bladder are often insufficient in neurological disorders which can result in loss of voluntary and autonomous control of lower urinary tract function. Many women and men with an undiagnosed neurological disease have LUTS, especially in the initial stage. The neurological basis of LUTS in patients without formally diagnosed neurological disease is widely discussed in scientific literature. Unfortunately, such patients often wander into urological outpatient clinics thinking that it is a primary urological disorder such as urinary tract infection and do not go in time to see a neurologist for additional diagnostic processing and treatment planning. Also, LUTS are often neglected and unreported, especially urinary incontinence, due to various social prejudices. LUTS and neurological disorders are important public health problems because of their high prevalence, and because of the complications such as quality of life disorders, hydronephrosis, urolithiasis, etc. Despite new research initiatives and the latest information about LUTS in neurological disorders, there is still no consensus on the diagnostic and therapeutic approach. The diagnostic methods we use in medical practice are history-taking, physical examination, and urodynamics (uroflowmetry, cystometry, and the pressure-flow study). The assessment of LUTS in women and men with underlying neurological disease is insufficient in many urological outpatient clinics, and their adequate evaluation should be included in routine urological assessments. We need to raise awareness of the existence of LUTS in neurological disorders. Early identification and a multidisciplinary approach are needed to avoid poor outcomes of LUTS and initiate appropriate treatment.